El concepto kantiano de "interés de la razón" significa en el orden teórico el impulso hacia un saber integral de las condiciones y de la voluntad de sistema, a la vez que se funde con el sentimiento de necesidad de la razón de una unidad y totalidad incondicionadas. Caracteriza así a la subjetividad finita. En el orden práctico, el interés de la razón en el cumplimiento de un orden de fines se considera la instauración de la realidad ética, mediante la (...) cual el individuo se apropia de la universalidad de la ley. Determina así el status de la subjetividad libre, aunque sensible. Este concepto permite, por tanto, una comprensión íntegra y radical de la subjetividad humana en el horizonte de una filosofía del espíritu como impulso de autorrealización. (shrink)

Esse artigo parte de um relato de compreensão recente de sua autora como mulher negra de pele clara. Evocam-se, a partir daí, temas referentes ao pertencimento racial, no caminho percorrido até essa autodeclaração, e se põem em relevo, em perspectiva sócio-histórica, dispositivos como colorismo e tokenismo, a fim de se investigar o entendimento de si como pessoa negra e as formas pelas quais a branquitude pretende controlar relações e interações entre pessoas de diferentes tonalidades de pele.

Este artigo é parte de uma pesquisa de Mestrado em Ciências Ambientais que investigou “A relação mulher-natureza na Comunidade Remanescente do Quilombo de Fojo, Itacaré – BA”, através da abordagem descritiva e análise quantitativa e qualitativa de dados, buscando aprofundamento teórico para tratar de relações de gênero, gênero e meio ambiente e a importância do papel da mulher na organização cotidiana das comunidades tradicionais, inclusive de remanescentes de quilombos. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram mulheres e homens da Comunidade de Fojo (...) que decidiram pela participação, utilizando entrevistas semiestruturadas, observação direta e sistemática e conversas informais, em profundidade, realizadas entre 2014-2015. O recorte aqui apresentado tem por objetivo discutir o papel da mulher na comunidade do quilombo de Fojo e sua relação com a natureza. Os resultados indicam relações desiguais entre homens e mulheres na comunidade, às mulheres têm sido designado papel/posição, modos de cuidar da família, ficam responsáveis em “trazer harmonia e paz para o lar”, “cuidar e ser dona de casa”, cabendo a elas a área pertencente a do privado – a casa, alguns serviços na roça e a participação na igreja evangélica, deixando a tradição esquecida. A relação mulher-natureza, ao que parece, indica práticas agrícolas equivocadas e, ao que tudo indica, o conhecimento dos moradores sobre a agricultura ainda é tímido, demonstram fragilidades de técnicas empregadas, falta recursos à implementação de ferramentas adequadas, ausência de assistência técnica especializada e conhecimentos por parte dos produtores de técnicas básicas de produção. Palavras-chave: Relação Mulher-Natureza. Mulher Quilombola. Sustentabilidade. (shrink)

O objetivo desta publicação é incentivar a produção filosófica de excelência por parte de pesquisadores notadamente influenciados pela filosofia de Wittgenstein e cujos temas possam suscitar um debate aprofundado. Além de desafiar o empreendimento filosófico contemporâneo, os temas aqui apresentados abordam questões que muitas vezes estão além daquelas consideradas por Wittgenstein em seu tempo. O leitor encontrará neste volume questões relacionadas ao ceticismo semântico e epistêmico, ao relativismo ético, às leituras literárias de Wittgenstein, ao problema das outras mentes e percepção (...) de aspectos, a intersubjetividade e o caráter contrassensual do Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, e, também, relacionadas ao Paradoxo de Moore. (shrink)

O presente texto é parte de urn estudo completo, escrito em 1984, a que se deu o titulo de A Fundação Filosófica da Educação em António Sérgio. Publica-se agora: a Introdução, a 2a parte, a Conclusão e a Bibliografia. Na Introdução deflne-se: o objecto e propósito do estudo; as fontes utilizadas; o método seguido; a estrutura do trabalho. Na 2a parte, que é a que trata da Ética de António Sérgio, são analisados os seguintes problemas: a natureza e origem do (...) sentimento moral; a filiação kantiana de Sérgio na Critica da Razão Prática;a relação que o filósofo portugués estabelece entre Pedagogia, Filosofia e Politica; o propósito sergiano, no fim de contas frustrado, de uma Pedagogia de Portugal; a contradição, em que Sérgio se dilacerou, entre uma visão larga e uma visão redutora e reducionista do problema educativo. A conclusão compreende a totalidade do estudo e não apenas a parte relativa a Ética. Mostra urn Sérgio complexo, vário, contraditório em alguns pontos e insuficiente noutros; pensador a estudar minuciosa e criticamente, como ele gostava que se fizesse. /// Le texte présent fait partie de une étude complète, écrite en 1984, qui a reçu le titre de Le fondement philosophique de l'Éducation chez António Sérgio. On publie ici: l'introduction, la seconde partie, la conclusion et la bibliographie. Dans l'Introduction on définit: l'objet et le propos de l'étude; les sources utilisées; la méthode suivie, la structure du travail. Dans la 2e. partie, qui traite de l'Éthique chez António Sérgio, sont analisés les problèmes suivants: la nature et l'origine du sentiment moral; la relation kantienne de Sérgio par rapport à la Critique de la Raison Pratique; la relation que le philosophe portugais établit entre Pédagogie, Philosophic et Politique; le propos de Sérgio, en fin de compte avorté, de une Pédagogie de Portugal; la contradiction qui déchira Sérgio entre une vue large et une vue réductrice et réductionniste du problème éducatif. La conclusion comprend la totalite de l'étude et pas seulement la partie relative a l'Éthique. Elle montre un Sérgio complexe, varié, contradictoire en certains points et insuffisant en d'autres; elle montre un penseur qui étudie les choses de façon minutieuse et critique, comme il aimait qu'on le fasse. /// This paper is part of a more complete one, written in 1984 under the title Philosophical Foundation of Education according to António Sérgio. It includes the introduction, the second part, the conclusion and the bibliography. The introduction defines the object and goal of this paper; the sources which were used, the method followed and structure of the work. The second part deals with António Sérgio's Ethics on the following points: nature and origin of moral feeling; influence of Kant's Critic of Practical Reason upon António Sérgio; the relation established by the philosopher between Pedagogy, Philosophy and Politics; António Sérgio's frustrated intention to elaborate a Portuguese Pedagogy; the contradiction, which devasted Sérgio, between a large and a reducing and reductionist view of the education problem. The conclusion includes the totality of the study which goes beyond Ethics. It shows a complex Sérgio, multifaced, contradictory in some points and incomplete in others, an author to be studied critilly and in detail, as he wished. (shrink)

ABSTRACTThe understanding of a wide array of practices related to fraud, bribery, corruption, and more widely, illicit practices have been capturing the attention of practitioners and management researchers worldwide. A substantial portion of the extant research has used university students to measure their actual or intended cheating behaviours and often studies have tested for variations across countries and cultures. We highlight some major concerns in this stream of inquiry and discuss both the definition and some inconclusive results in prior studies, (...) namely those deriving from differences in cheating behaviour across different cultural contexts. We suggest the need to examine intentionality, and further advance that intentionality may assume a reactive or a proactive essence. Depending on the social and formal contexts of different countries, both reactive and proactive intentions lead to distinct moral concerns, which we name in this work omorality or immorality. (shrink)

RESUMO O presente ensaio aborda o período anterior às obras tidas como as diferentes reescrições da Doutrina da Ciência, de J. G. Fichte, e aí tenta não só perceber a origem da necessidade de um princípio da identidade, como ela surge aquando das primeiras ocorrências do mesmo, mas também discernir os primeiros passos de todo o problema da possibilidade de um princípio absoluto de toda a filosofia, que sempre animaria a empresa. O foco em questão é a «Aenesidemus-Rezension», onde Fichte (...) junta a sua voz ao aceso diálogo já anteriormente entabulado por K. L. Reinhold e G. E. Schulze, e, na necessidade de repensar o princípio da consciência do primeiro, e as críticas a este feitas pelo segundo, é trazido à convicção da necessidade de um novo princípio absoluto; mas onde, e é este o fulcro do presente ensaio, Fichte percebe a insuficiência filososófica do sistema reinholdiano como uma insuficiência de linguagem, e portanto todo o problema como um problema que depende intimamente de uma apoditicidade linguística, e daí parte para a proposta de uma nova terminologia nacional, uma linguagem filosófica sistematicamente certa e inequívoca, à altura de um sistema filosófico regido por um princípio absoluto – um problema que viria a ocupar as cogitações de toda a geração de jovens pensadores em torno do professor de Jena. ABSTRACT This essay approaches the period prior to the works considered as the different versions of the Doctrine of Science, by J. G. Fichte, and aims not only at discerning the origin of the need for a principle of identity, but also at retracing the first steps of the whole problem of the possibility of an absolute principle of all philosophy. The focus shall be the «Aenesidemus-Rezension», where Fichte joins his voice to the heated argument previously struck by K. L. Reinhold and G. E. Schulze, and, urged to rethink Reinhold's principle of consciousness and the criticism raised by Schulze, is brought to believe the necessity for a new absolute principle; but where, and this is the fundamental idea of this essay, Fichte realizes the philosophical insufficiency of Reinhold's system as a language-related insufficiency, and therefore the whole problem as one intimately dependent on a linguistic apodicticity, and moves on to propose a new national terminology, a systematically certain and unequivocal philosophical language, which might meet the demands of a philosophical system ruled by an absolute principle – a problem which would soon be in the agenda of a whole generation of young idealists around the Professor of Jena. (shrink)

RESUMO A história do estatuto, bem como da posição da memória entre semelhantes forças, desde a formação do conceito moderno da antropologia, durante toda a tradição leibniz-wolffinana, e até Kant, é uma história de mudança ascendente, de cristalização de ambos os predicados desta faculdade, e também uma de grande influência sobre a história do próprio pensamento antropológico. O presente ensaio propõe-se analisar como Kant receberia essa evolução, e como ele sobre ela actuaria. Isto é, centrando-nos nas “Lições de Antropologia”, e (...) sobre a “Antropologia num Enfoque Pragmático”, queremos indagar até que ponto Kant daria continuidade à referida tradição, mas, sobretudo, a partir de onde este com ela rompe, talhando ele próprio um novo capítulo nessa história, e também na história da antropologia; mais concretamente, importa conhecer a posição de Kant em relação a Platner ou Hume e suas concepções de memória, sua cisão em relação a estes, e sua proposta de todo um reposicionamento, e também revalorização do estatuto da memória entre faculdades da alma; e, por fim, perceber como Kant traz estes propósitos a bom porto, a saber, por meio da memória judiciosa, a única que abre não só para as ciências, mas também para a faculdade de imaginação produtiva, e para a poesia, e portanto também a única capaz de unir inferiores e superiores faculdades da alma, e instaurar harmonia entre estas. ABSTRACT The history of the status, as well as the position of memory among similar forces, since the genesis of the modern concept of anthropology, during the Leibniz-Wolffian tradition, and until Kant, is a history of ascending transformation, a crystallization of both this faculty’s attributes, and also one of great influence on the history of anthropological thought itself. The present essay aims at analyzing how Kant would receive that evolution, and how he would act upon it. That is, by focusing on the “Lectures on Anthropology”, and on “Anthropology on a Pragmatic Point of View”, we wish to inquire to what extent Kant would resume the aforementioned tradition, but, above all, from which point he breaks with it, thus carving he himself a new chapter in that history, and also in the history of anthropology; namely, it is our objective to ascertain Kant’s position regarding Platner or Hume and their conceptions of memory, his scission from the latter two, and his proposition of a whole repositioning, and also revaluation of the status of memory among faculties of the soul; and finally, understanding how Kant succeeds in these purposes, namely, through the concept of judicious memory, the only one which enables not only sciences, but also the productive faculty of imagination, and hence poetry, and therefore the only one able to unite both inferior and superior faculties of the soul and to sow harmony between the latter. (shrink)

RESUMO: Fruto de longa maturação filosófica desde a sua estada em Jena, e instado a isso pelas influências de Karl L. Reinhold e Johann G. Fichte, o poeta Novalis produz, a partir do outono de 1795, um conjunto de anotações fragmentárias sobre a filosofia de Fichte, hoje conhecidas como Fichte-Studien. De entre os importantes temas aí abordados, um revela-se particularmente interessante: o tema do estatuto da Filosofia no seio do problema da autocompreensão do Eu -, e mais concretamente, o necessário (...) pensar da filosofia sobre si própria, as alterações que no processo têm de sobrevir à própria filosofia e a repercussão disto na compreensão de si próprio do Eu. Nesta senda, o seguinte ensaio propõe-se mostrar como, para Novalis, a filosofia é o natural pensar do homem, e como para além disto é a própria filosofia, com o decorrer do seu pensamento sobre si própria, que molda o curso da compreensão de si próprio do Eu: quer tendo com o Eu uma origem comum, nascendo com ele, lançando-o para o mundo e cindindo a união originária em que ele de outro modo sempre estaria, quer, por fim, afirmando-se como carência deste, ou como algo por que o Eu e a própria filosofia têm de passar no seu curso, para que possam experienciar a perda, e almejar à recuperação dessa origem. ABSTRACT: Fruit of a long philosophical maturation that began with his stay in Jena, and encouraged by the influence of Karl L. Reinhold and Johann G. Fichte, the poet Novalis produced, from autumn 1795 on, a set of fragmentary notes on the philosophy of Fichte. These are now known as Fichte-Studien. Among the important issues treated in the notes, one appears particularly interesting: the treatment of the theme of philosophy within the problem of the self-understanding of the "I" - and, more specifically, the need for philosophy to think about itself, about the changes that must come upon philosophy during this process, and about the impact of these on the self-understanding of the "I". The present article aims to show how, for Novalis, philosophy is the natural thought of man. Furthermore, it aims to show how philosophy, in the course of its thought on itself, shapes the course of the self-understanding of the "I", having with the "I" a common origin, being born with it, launching it into the world, cleaving the original union in which it otherwise would always be, and finally asserting itself as a lack of this union, something through which the "I" and philosophy itself must pass in their course so they can experience this loss and aim to recover its source. (shrink)

The research team measured the enterprise web accessibility levels of the Forbes 250 largest enterprises using the fully automatic accessibility evaluation tool Sortsite, and presented the compliance of the evaluated websites to WCAG 1.0, WCAG 2.0 and Section 508 accessibility levels. Given the recent attention to organizational leaders having ethical duties towards their dedicated employees, we propose that ‘societal citizenship behaviour’ concerns ethical duties of organizational leaders towards society in general and in particular to those who have less means to (...) assert their needs. In effect, we found enterprise website accessibility levels to be in need of significant improvement. An interpretation of a positive path forward to better enterprise website accessibility levels is put forth based on a focus-group interaction and using BNML—a novel Business Narrative Modelling Language. (shrink)

Education aims at the integral development of the person. However, there are few proposals that conceptualize ways to implement this desideratum. In the Portuguese context, we had the paradigmatic case of the Manuel Ferreira Patrício Cultural School. MFP differentiates itself by advocating for integral education that establishes an essential connection between the teaching, extra-lecture, interactive and ecological components of the school, highlighting the multidimensionalities of education: personality, culture, methodologies, curriculum, resources, educators, and pedagogical organization.

A pesquisa apresenta aspectos sobre os desafios no ensino de filosofia em uma escola pública no estado de Alagoas. A metodologia classifica-se como qualitativa em relação a sua abordagem, quanto ao seu objetivo, como um estudo exploratório. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de duas etapas, sendo a primeira uma entrevista semiestruturada com a professora de filosofia da escola e na segunda etapa foram realizadas observações das aulas de filosofia em turmas do primeiro e terceiro ano do ensino médio. (...) Os resultados encontrados apontam que os problemas e as dificuldades apresentadas na pesquisa fazem parte de uma engrenagem social, no qual a classe dominante pensa e delimita a educação pública, de modo a manter seus interesses e privilégios. (shrink)

The paper gives an overview of primate research and the economic-ethical 'lessons' we can derive from it. In particular, it examines the complex, multi-faceted and partially conflicting nature of (non-) human primates. Our closest living relatives, the chimpanzees and bonobos, apparently walk on two legs: a selfish and a groupish leg. Given evolutionary continuity and gradualism between monkeys, apes and humans, human primates seem to be bipolar apes as well. They, too, tend to display a dual structure: there seems to (...) be a pro-social and a self-interested side to our species and a bipolar tension seems to exist between competition and cooperation respectively between self-interest and the common good. We are apparently at the same time Homines oeconomici and Homines culturali. Our inner ape tries to combine self-interested and common good motives. Based on de Waal's Russian doll model, the essay investigates the evolutionary origins of morality and 'eusociality'. With the help of selected case studies stemming from behavioural sciences/economics, the paper illustrates examples of empathy, altruism, reciprocal fairness, pro-social and other-regarding preferences, inequity aversion and altruistic punishment in (non-)human primates. Beside this selfless and groupish side, the paper also reflects on the self-interest and egoistic nature of (non-)human primates and the behavioural and cognitive differences between monkeys, apes and humans. (shrink)

Conscious experiences in infants remain poorly understood. In this NeuroView, Passos-Ferreira discusses recent evidence for and against consciousness in newborn babies. She argues that the weight of evidence from neuroimaging and behavioral studies supports the thesis that newborn infants are conscious.

Soren Kierkegaard's Works of Love, a series of deliberations on the commandment to love one's neighbor, has often been condemned by critics. Here, Ferreira seeks to rehabilitate Works of Love as one of Kierkegaard's most important works. He shows that Kierkegaard's deliberations on love are highly relevant to some important themes in contemporary ethics, including impartiality, duty, equality, mutuality, reciprocity, self-love, sympathy, and sacrifice. Ferreira also argues that Works of Love bears on issues peculiar to a religious ethic, (...) such as the role of God as "middle term," and the possibility of preserving the aesthetic dimensions of love in a religious ethic of relation. (shrink)

Presupposition, vagueness, and oddness can lead to some sentences failing to have a clear truth value. The homogeneity property of plural predication with definite descriptions may also create truth-value gaps: The books are written in Dutch is true if all relevant books are in Dutch, false if none of them are, and neither true nor false if, say, half of the books are written in Dutch. We study the projection property of homogeneity by deploying methods of general interest to identify (...) truth-value gaps. Method A consists in collecting both truth judgments and, independently, falsity judgments. The second method, employed in experiment series B and C, is based on one-shot ternary judgments: completely true vs. completely false vs. neither. After a calibration of these methods, we use them to demonstrate that homogeneity projects out of negation, the scope of universal sentences and the scope of non-monotonic quantifiers such as exactly two, to some extent. We assess our results in light of different theoretical approaches to homogeneity—approaches based on presuppositions, scalar implicatures, and something like supervaluations, respectively. We identify free parameters in these theories and assess various variants of them based on our results. Our experimental paradigms may be of broader significance insofar as they can be applied to other phenomena which result in the failure of a sentence to have a definite truth value. (shrink)

This paper aims to establish theoretical guidelines for understanding the relationship between ethics and anthropology in Kant's thought. Contrary to a particular line of interpretation dominant in specialized research on Kant, this article seeks to promote a historical-philosophical investigation, which contextualizes in Kant's thought the moment when three philosophical currents intersected, causing the guidelines of his debate about the concept of autonomy and perfectibility, namely: the philosophies of Hutcheson, Wolff and Rousseau. In this first part, Kant's discussion with Hutcheson and (...) Wolff is discussed. From a more specific point of view, in this first part, the present article goes through Kant's reflections between 1755 and 1764 in order to present how the need to think about a relation between ethics and anthropology is constituted within Kantian thought. (shrink)

Arguments analogous to those found in the late medieval theory of the king’s two bodies, popularized by Ernst Kantorowicz, were resurrected in early nineteenth-century constitutional theories of the moderating powers of monarchy. Post-revolutionary French liberal thought, echoed by its Portuguese counterpart, rediscovered the virtues of the institution of royalty, notably the immaterial and immortal body of the king. This rediscovery was prompted by the uncertainties of different national political contexts which made many contemporaries believe it desirable to integrate restored monarchies (...) within modern constitutional models for state stability. This first occurred with the Bourbons’ return to post-Napoleonic France and the restoration of the monarchy in 1814, and then with the Braganza royal family’s return to Portugal in 1821 after thirteen years of rule from Brazil. Using arguments similar to those previously made in late medieval European political and legal thought, French and Portuguese liberals developed a theory of the king’s two powers, according to which the monarch at once exercised a moderating power, defined by the abstract institutional nature of the king’s person, and an executive power, embodied within his physical person. This conceptualization of royal duality was intended to make it possible to delegate executive power to ministers, leaving the king only the attributes of a largely symbolic power. Liberals thereby hoped to confine the monarch to his purely institutional body in a de-politicized constitutional role. (shrink)

This paper discusses the logical space of alternative conceptual engineering projects, with a specific focus on (1) the processes, (2) the targets and goals, and (3) the methods of such projects. We present an overview of how these three aspects interact in the contemporary literature and discuss those alternative projects that have yet to be explored based on our suggested typology. We show how choices about each element in a conceptual engineering project constrain the possibilities for the others, thereby giving (...) rise to distinct groupings of possible projects under the banner of conceptual engineering. We conclude with a critical reflection on the potential ethical issues that arise as a result of effectively putting conceptual engineering into practice. (shrink)

This book examines the significantly similar, yet finally different, thinking of two nineteenth-century existentialist thinkers, Soren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche. Its focus is on the different ways each envisioned a joyful acceptance of life - a concern they shared. Each strove to give a place to this acceptance in his picture of life, but their conceptions of it are far apart.

Conceptual engineering means to provide a method to assess and improve our concepts working as cognitive devices. But conceptual engineering still lacks an account of what concepts are (as cognitive devices) and of what engineering is (in the case of cognition). And without such prior understanding of its subject matter, or so it is claimed here, conceptual engineering is bound to remain useless, merely operating as a piecemeal approach, with no overall grip on its target domain. The purpose of this (...) programmatic paper is to overcome this knowledge gap by providing some guidelines for developing the theories of concepts and of cognition that will ground the systematic unified framework needed to effectively implement conceptual engineering as a widely applicable method for the cognitive optimization of our conceptual devices. (shrink)

Conceptual engineering is the method for assessing and improving our concepts. However, little has been written about how best to conceive of concepts for the purposes of conceptual engineering. In this paper, I aim to fill this foundational gap, proceeding in three main steps: First, I propose a methodological framework for evaluating the conduciveness of a given concept of concept for conceptual engineering. Then, I develop a typology that contrasts two competing concepts of concept that can be used in conceptual (...) engineering — namely, the philosophical and psychological ones. Finally, I evaluate these two concepts of concept using the proposed methodological framework and I show that, when it comes to making conceptual engineering an actionable method, the psychological concept of concept outclasses its philosophical counterpart on all counts. This provides a baseline from which the concept of concept can be further improved for the purposes of conceptual engineering. (shrink)

The present paper draws a contrast between the notions of τὸ παρ’ ἡμᾶς and τὸ ἐφ’ ἡμῖν to the effect that, according to Chrysippus, each has a different role to play and different requirements to meet, the former being especially tailored to suit the exigencies of praise and blame taken as exhortations, the latter those of desert and justice in praising and blaming as well as honoring and punishing.

Soren Kierkegaard's Works of Love, a series of deliberations on the commandment to love one's neighbor, has often been condemned by critics. Here, Ferreira seeks to rehabilitate Works of Love as one of Kierkegaard's most important works. He shows that Kierkegaard's deliberations on love are highly relevant to some important themes in contemporary ethics, including impartiality, duty, equality, mutuality, reciprocity, self-love, sympathy, and sacrifice. Ferreira also argues that Works of Love bears on issues peculiar to a religious ethic, (...) such as the role of God as "middle term," and the possibility of preserving the aesthetic dimensions of love in a religious ethic of relation. (shrink)